Avaya Configuring IP Utilities Instrukcja Użytkownika Strona 63
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Oceniono. / 5. Na podstawie oceny klientów
TCP, FTP, TFTP, Telnet, NTP, and NetBIOS over IP Concepts
117358-A Rev. A 2-17
Understanding How NTP Distributes Time Within the Subnet
NTP distributes time through a hierarchy of primary and secondary time servers,
with each server adopting a “stratum” (see F
igure 2-5 on page 2-16). A “stratum”
defines how many NTP “hops” away a particular secondary time server is from an
authoritative time source (primary time server) in the synchronization subnet.
A “stratum 1” time server, located at the top of the hierarchy (or bottom,
depending on your point of view), is directly attached to an external time source,
typically a wire or radio clock; a “stratum 2” time server receives its time via NTP
from a “stratum 1” time server; a “stratum 3” time server receives its time via
NTP from a “stratum 2” time server, and so forth.
Each NTP client in the synchronization subnet chooses as its time source the
server with the lowest stratum number that it is configured to communicate with
via NTP. This strategy effectively builds a self-organizing tree of NTP speakers.
The number of strata is limited to 15 to avoid long-lived synchronization loops.
NTP tries not to synchronize to a remote time server whose time might not be
accurate. It avoids doing this in two ways. First, NTP never synchronizes to a
remote time server that is not in turn synchronized itself. Second, NTP compares
the time reported by several remote time servers, and will not synchronize to a
remote time server whose time is markedly different from the others, even if its
stratum is lower.
Synchronizing with the Best Available Time Server
Unlike other implementations of time synchronization protocols, NTP does not
attempt to synchronize the remote time server’s internal clocks to each other.
Rather, NTP achieves time synchronization by synchronizing their clocks to
universal standard time using the “best” available time source and transmission
paths to that time source.
- Configuring IP Utilities 1
- Contents 5
- 117358-A Rev. A 10
- About This Guide 17
- Before You Begin 18
- Conventions 18
- Acronyms 19
- Bay Networks Customer Service 20
- How to Get Help 21
- Chapter 1 23
- NetBIOS over IP Services 24
- 1-4 117358-A Rev. A 26
- Starting Configuration Tools 27
- 117358-A Rev. A 1-7 29
- Starting TCP Services 30
- Starting FTP Services 32
- Disabling and Enabling FTP 33
- Starting TFTP Services 35
- Starting Telnet Services 37
- 1-18 117358-A Rev. A 40
- Starting NTP Services 42
- Starting NetBIOS over IP 44
- 1-24 117358-A Rev. A 46
- Chapter 2 47
- TCP, FTP, TFTP, Telnet 47
- TCP Features 48
- How TCP Works 48
- 2-4 117358-A Rev. A 50
- (continued) 51
- TCP and IP Service Users 52
- FTP Overview 53
- How FTP Works 54
- Networks routers 55
- TFTP Overview 56
- Telnet Overview 57
- How Telnet Works 58
- Figure 2-3. Telnet Server 59
- 2-14 117358-A Rev. A 60
- Figure 2-4. Telnet Client 60
- NTP Overview 61
- Understanding NTP Terminology 61
- 2-16 117358-A Rev. A 62
- 117358-A Rev. A 2-17 63
- NTP Modes of Operation 64
- 117358-A Rev. A 2-19 65
- NetBIOS Overview 66
- NetBIOS in an IP Environment 67
- 117358-A Rev. A 2-23 69
- 2-24 117358-A Rev. A 70
- Chapter 3 71
- Customizing TCP Services 71
- Chapter 4 77
- Customizing FTP Services 77
- Chapter 5 87
- Customizing TFTP Services 87
- Using BCC 89
- Chapter 6 93
- Technician Interface Console 99
- Pausing Telnet Console Output 100
- Using Site Manager 101
- Using the BCC 101
- Changing the Login Timeout 102
- Changing the Password Timeout 103
- Changing the Command Timeout 104
- Changing Login Retries 106
- Customizing Telnet Services 107
- Configuring IP Utilities 108
- 6-16 117358-A Rev. A 108
- Enabling Diagnostic PTY Data 109
- Changing the History File 110
- Changing the Remote Port 114
- Changing the Command Prompt 115
- prompt system1 116
- Chapter 7 117
- Customizing NTP Services 117
- Disabling and Reenabling NTP 118
- Adding Remote Time Servers 120
- Setting Config Peer Mode 122
- Setting Local Host Mode 123
- Specifying Peer Preference 125
- 7-10 117358-A Rev. A 126
- 7-12 117358-A Rev. A 128
- 7-14 117358-A Rev. A 130
- Chapter 8 131
- Customizing NetBIOS over IP 131
- 8-2 117358-A Rev. A 132
- Configuring a NetBIOS Cache 133
- 8-4 117358-A Rev. A 134
- Aging a Cache Entry 136
- Customizing a Cache Search 138
- 8-10 117358-A Rev. A 140
- 8-12 117358-A Rev. A 142
- 8-14 117358-A Rev. A 144
- Supplying a Scope Identifier 146
- 8-18 117358-A Rev. A 148
- Appendix A 149
- Parameter Descriptions 149
- TCP Global Parameters 150
- FTP Global Parameters 152
- 154
- 154
- TFTP Parameters 155
- A-8 117358-A Rev. A 156
- 157
- A-12 117358-A Rev. A 160
- A-16 117358-A Rev. A 164
- NTP Global Parameters 165
- A-18 117358-A Rev. A 166
- 167
- A-20 117358-A Rev. A 168
- NetBIOS Global Parameters 170
- A-24 117358-A Rev. A 172
- A-28 117358-A Rev. A 176
- IP Accounting Parameters 177
- A-30 117358-A Rev. A 178
- Appendix B 179
- Site Manager Default Settings 179
- FTP Parameters 180
- Telnet Parameters 181
- NTP Parameters 182
- NetBIOS over IP Parameters 183
- Appendix C 185
- C-2 117358-A Rev. A 186
- Specifying the Policy Action 187
- Specifying the IP Service 188
- Specifying the Precedence 189
- Appendix D 191
- Configuring IP Accounting on 191
- Accounting table 192
- (continued) 193
- D-4 117358-A Rev. A 194
- Index-4 117358-A Rev. A 198
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